Renewable electricity can facilitate climate change mitigation in the buildings, industry and transport sector via direct electrification or indirect electrification, that is, converting electricity to hydrogen-based fuels. While direct electrification is generally energy efficient, indirect electrification can partially build upon existing applications and infrastructure. However, their roles and relative importance have not been well researched in mitigation scenarios. Here, we derive plausible ranges for both strategies based on EU climate neutrality scenarios using the REMIND model.
In recent years, increased expectations from investors, regulators, employees, and customers have put significant pressure on companies to increase their sustainability efforts.  
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are not just another sustainability framework, but the only universally agreed blueprint to turn meaningful ambition into transformational change. However, businesses report difficulties in integrating the SDGs into their core strategies and in understanding, reporting, and managing their impact on the Goals.  

