Recent advances in nanotechnology have generated concerns regarding nanoparticles' prevalence, dispersion, destiny, and environmental migration. Nanoparticles originate from diverse sources, such as their extensive utilization in various engineering practices, biomedical uses, consumer products, and food and drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles and nanoscale materials are increasingly found in multiple environmental media, often released as waste or by-products from engineered processes. Due to their inherent molecular activity, there is growing concern about the possible harm these particles may have to human health and the ecological balance. Unintentional exposure to these materials could have significant environmental and health implications. Despite the risks involved, nanomaterials offer promising solutions for ecological remediation, showcasing their dual role in posing challenges and presenting innovative approaches to tackling pollutants. This chapter thoroughly examines various exposure routes and associated risks, spanning inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, and ecological impacts, shedding light on the uncertainties surrounding nanomaterial toxicity and its implications for ecosystems and human well-being. Moreover, it highlights the pivotal role of nanotechnology in remediation efforts, leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterials to address environmental pollutants effectively. In conclusion, this chapter advocates for proactive measures to mitigate risks and harness the potential of nanotechnology responsibly, emphasizing a precautionary approach to safeguard human health and ecological integrity in the face of nanomaterial usage.
Elsevier, One- and Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials, 2025, Pages 279-299
