Understanding the complexity of human brains and minds is among the most significant challenges to be undertaken by “Western” science. Together, the various brain sciences have made enormous advances, but these represent only one approach to understanding what is arguably one of the most complex entities in the known universe. In this chapter, we argue for the integration of Indigenous ways of knowing into neuroscience by highlighting the many areas in which Western brain sciences are, in fact, following in the footsteps of Indigenous epistemologies that have been in place for millennia. We highlight some aspects that are common to many Indigenous epistemologies around the world (within the enormous diversity among peoples) and draw on concepts and examples from neuroscience, philosophy, and the viewpoints of several Indigenous peoples represented among the current list of authors. Overall, we believe there is great value in pursuing a respectful and reciprocal relationship between Indigenous and Western scientific ways of knowing about human brains and minds.
Elsevier, Developments in Neuroethics and Bioethics, Volume 8, 2025, Pages 3-63
